個(gè)人履歷
Adolf Butenandt(1903年3月24日—1995年2月18號)
全名
:Adolf Frederick Johann Butenandt布特南特在馬爾堡大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí),其后在格廷根大學(xué)溫道斯的指導(dǎo)下工作,并于1927年獲得化學(xué)博士學(xué)位。三年之后他是那里的有機(jī)化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任。布特南特突出的工作是分離性激素和鑒定其結(jié)構(gòu)。第一個(gè)被分離出來的性激素是雌酮,這是布特南特在1929年從懷孕婦女的尿中得到的。它是卵巢細(xì)胞分泌出來的少量幾種物質(zhì)之一,這些物質(zhì)是促進(jìn)婦女性成熟的。1931年布特南特分離出雄性甾酮,這是睪丸細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的一種重要的男性激素,它對男人所起的作用如同雌酮對婦女所起的作用一樣。布特南特只用了15毫克的雄性甾酮,由于采用了普萊格爾所用的微量分析法,得以對這些元素作了兩次分析,而且還制出這個(gè)化合物的一種變體并分析了它。這足以使布特南特有可能推導(dǎo)出這個(gè)化合物的分子式。1934年盧齊契加根據(jù)布特南特的結(jié)構(gòu)見解合成了一種類似的化合物,發(fā)現(xiàn)合成的產(chǎn)物完全具有雄性甾酮的性質(zhì),因此證實(shí)布特南特的探索工作是正確的。1934年布特南特分離了另外一種對于妊娠過程中的化學(xué)機(jī)理具有十分重要作用的女性激素---孕甾酮。1936年布特南特?fù)?dān)任柏林威廉皇家生物化學(xué)研究所所長,1939年他與盧齊卡(Leopold Ruzicka 1887—1976)分享了諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。如同那年另一位德國人多馬克以及一年前庫恩得到諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)時(shí)的情況一樣,納粹政府強(qiáng)迫布特南特拒絕接受這筆獎(jiǎng)金。直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束和希特勒完蛋后,他才于1949年接受了這一榮譽(yù)。戰(zhàn)后他在圖賓根大學(xué)任教,1956年之后在慕尼黑大學(xué)教書。1960年他繼哈恩之后任馬克斯·普朗克學(xué)會(huì)主席。
英文介紹
Adolf Frederick Johann Butenandt was born on March 24, 1903 at Bremerhaven-Wesermünde. The son of a business man Otto Butenandt of Hamburg, he went to school at Bremerhaven and studied chemistry at the Universities of Marburg and G?ttingen. In 1927 he graduated at the University of G?ttingen, where he had studied under Adolf Windaus.
From 1927 until 1930 he was Scientific Assistant at the Institute of Chemistry, G?ttingen, and from 1931 until 1933 he was Privatdozent in the Department of Biological Chemistry at the University of G?ttingen and acting Head of the laboratories for organic and inorganic chemistry. He then became Professor Ordinarius and Director of the Institute for Organic Chemistry at the Institute of Technology at Danzig, a post which he held until 1936.
From 1936 until 1960 he was Professor in the University of Berlin and Director of the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Berlin-Dahlem, which later moved to Tübingen and then to Munich. From 1945 until 1956 he was Professor of Physiological Chemistry at Tübingen and in 1956 he became Professor of Physiological Chemistry in the University of Munich. From 1956 until 1960 he was Director of the Institute of Physiological Chemistry in the University of Munich.
Since 1960 he has been President of the Max Planck Society at Munich.
Butenandt's name will always be associated with his work on sex hormones, for which he was awarded, jointly with Leopold Ruzicka, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1939. In 1929 he isolated oestrone in pure, crystalline form, almost at the same time that E.A. Doisy did this in America. In 1931 he isolated androsterone in pure, crystalline form. From androsterone he as well as Ruzicka, independently of each other, obtained testosterone in 1939, a compound which had been obtained from the testes in 1935 by Ernst Laqueur. Progesterone was isolated by Butenandt from the corpus luteum in 1934.
In addition to these researches, Butenandt carried out much investigation of the interrelationships of the sex hormones and on the possible carcinogenic properties of some of them. His work on the sex hormones was largely responsible for the production of cortisone on a large scale.
A great number of honours and distinctions was bestowed upon him. He was awarded several medals and prizes from Germany, France, Sweden and England, he received the Grand Cross for Federal Services with Star (1959), he holds six honorary doctorates (Munich, Graz, Leeds, Madrid and two from Tübingen) and is Freeman of the city of Bremerhaven. He is corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences at G?ttingen, honorary life member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and honorary member of the Japanese Biochemical Society, the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, Halle, and the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
He married Erika Ziegner in 1931; they have seven children and live at Munich-Obermenzing.
From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966
This autobiography/biography was first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Adolf Butenandt died on January 18, 1995.
睪酮
1931年德國化學(xué)家布特南特(Adolf Frederick Johann Butenandt)從睪丸里分離出一種雄性激素——睪酮,后來確認(rèn)是從睪丸的間質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的。它對男人所起的性征作用如同雌酮對婦女所起的作用一樣。1934年盧齊契加根據(jù)布特南特的結(jié)構(gòu)見解,合成了一種類似的化合物,發(fā)現(xiàn)合成的產(chǎn)物完全具有睪酮的性質(zhì),因此證實(shí)布特南特的探索工作是正確的。1939年他們兩人獲諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
雄、雌性激素影響免疫系統(tǒng)的方式及其分子機(jī)制:性激素作用于免疫系統(tǒng)的三種方式是:(1)改變T、B細(xì)胞表型和細(xì)胞功能;(2)影響Ig水平及Ig合成動(dòng)力學(xué);(3)影響細(xì)胞因子的合成,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)或削弱免疫應(yīng)答。
性激素發(fā)揮作用的共同分子機(jī)制為:游離性激素經(jīng)被動(dòng)擴(kuò)散進(jìn)入靶細(xì)胞,與特異性受體結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,經(jīng)過一系列變化,受體分子激活,而后與特異DNA片段呈高親和力結(jié)合,該片段作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子轉(zhuǎn)錄相應(yīng)的核糖核酸(mRNA),進(jìn)而翻譯為活性蛋白質(zhì),產(chǎn)生生物效應(yīng)。免疫器官中雄性激素受體的存在尚有爭議,但已證實(shí)人胸腺細(xì)胞、T淋巴細(xì)胞和滑膜內(nèi)巨噬細(xì)胞有雌激素受體。
早在公元前1500年人們就注意到動(dòng)物和人的胸腺,但是卻不知道它存在的意義。1961年澳大利亞免疫學(xué)家米勒(J.F.A.P.Miller)發(fā)現(xiàn)胸腺淋巴細(xì)胞的免疫功能。認(rèn)為胸腺是培育T淋巴細(xì)胞的中央淋巴器官。
到上世紀(jì)70年代人們注意到胸腺的生長發(fā)育隨動(dòng)物和人的生長發(fā)育而發(fā)生的形態(tài)和功能變化。進(jìn)而通過試驗(yàn)證明:雄、雌激素均可誘導(dǎo)和外周淋巴器官的萎縮,而雄、雌性動(dòng)物去勢后均可出現(xiàn)胸腺和脾臟增生。這預(yù)示,雄、雌性激素可能對免疫有抑制作用。
到上世紀(jì)80年代,由于臨床流行病學(xué)證據(jù)顯示,女性更容易患自身免疫性疾病,所以普遍認(rèn)為雌激素能加強(qiáng)免疫應(yīng)答,而雄性激素則抑制免疫應(yīng)答。
1987年山東大學(xué)楊帆和他的導(dǎo)師王龍的研究報(bào)告顯示:雄性激素對免疫功能的作用表現(xiàn)出劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系,即:睪酮高劑量時(shí),表現(xiàn)出促進(jìn)B淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體的作用;睪酮低劑量時(shí),表現(xiàn)T淋巴細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化和巨噬細(xì)胞功能有明顯變化;而切除睪丸后,動(dòng)物的T淋巴細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化率明顯提高,B淋巴細(xì)胞抗體生成和巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬功能沒有變化。因此,這兩位學(xué)者提出:“不能籠統(tǒng)地說雄性激素對免疫機(jī)能有促進(jìn)作用還是抑制作用,必須注意到使用激素的量以及采用多方面的指標(biāo)才能說明對免疫機(jī)能的確切作用。”
1989年冬天,遲阿魯使用甲基睪丸素(一種合成的雄性激素)治療感冒(未病因診斷,只做過血常規(guī)檢查),對成年人,甲基睪丸素1天服用3次,1次1片。接受治療的病人多在服藥1—2天癥狀消失。1992年他撰寫了病例報(bào)告發(fā)表在《山東醫(yī)藥》第10期。他我采用該激素治療慢性鼻炎、慢性支氣管炎都有明顯的療效。
上世紀(jì)90年代,雄性激素對免疫功能調(diào)節(jié)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和臨床報(bào)告逐漸增多,國外已有很多報(bào)告顯示:采用雄性激素治療艾滋病是有效的。有的報(bào)告顯示:病人的CD4細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加。
2003年SARS在國內(nèi)流行期間,遲阿魯向有關(guān)部門和專家建議:適量采用雄性激素治療SARS,為的是提高病人免疫力,還可以改善癥狀,減輕肺部炎癥反應(yīng)等。4月24日《中國醫(yī)學(xué)論壇報(bào)》發(fā)表了他的建議。之后,《健康報(bào)》在發(fā)表治療SARS的醫(yī)療專業(yè)人員的文章時(shí),其治療綜述中提到了采用雄性激素的問題。
越來越多的文獻(xiàn)顯示,雄性激素對免疫功能的調(diào)節(jié),存在劑量-效應(yīng)的異質(zhì)性。相信,隨著對雄性激素的認(rèn)識(shí)深入,它定會(huì)發(fā)揮更廣泛的醫(yī)療作用。